Electricity Market Design

Virtual Bidding: How Financial Players Inject Liquidity into Electricity Markets

How do financial traders profit from day-ahead and real-time price gaps? This guide explains nodal exposure, convergence and market design trade-offs.

Why Are Electricity Prices Negative? When Too Much Generation Becomes a Market Problem

Why are electricity prices negative? Wind and solar surpluses, grid congestion, inflexible plants, and limited storage can push wholesale prices below zero.

Types of Electricity Markets: The Four Archetypes, from Vertically Integrated Utilities to Liberalized Pools

How do electricity markets differ? This guide compares four archetypes, from vertically integrated utilities to liberalized wholesale and retail markets.